• Crop farming
  • Cash crops are grown to be sold for income
  • Subsistence farming provides food for the farmer
• Livestock farming, e.g., diary or poultry farming

• Smallholder farms
• Family farms
• Large commercial/industrial farms

• Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) farmers, especially in North America,
  are structurally oppressed, including through discriminatory lending policies, credit access, and erasure of indigenous farming practices. This has led to inequitable land ownership, incomes, and access to resources, exacerbating farming challenges and related stress.
• Gender and sociocultural context. In South Asia, women dominate the agrifood sector, but have less rights to land ownership and financial resources, increasing their risk to climate impacts and its mental health repercussions. In Japan, one study showed female farmers were more likely to be depressed than men. Women in rural Kenya are more vulnerable to poor mental health status like burnout, anxiety, and depression as patriarchal norms render women responsible for most household chores and caregiving in addition to their farming duties. On the other hand, men also have gendered experiences with mental health, with stoicism and toxic masculinity making it more difficult to seek help.
• Age. Older farmers often feel loss more intensely, and are more reluctant to access mental health services due to stigma. Farmers in middle age often have the most responsibilities, creating a convergence of mental health burdens. Younger farmers
  may face additional stressors including limited capital and land access, and unaffordable healthcare, and a study found high rates of depression, anxiety, and stress among young Midwestern farmers in the US.
• Poverty, often conflated with farm type and farmer identity, challenges resiliency to the mental health impacts of climate change. Commercial or industrial scale farms are typically in a better economic position to deal with challenges compared to smallholder farms.

• In the UK, climate change is exacerbating rainy weather, which is reducing crop production. Trade deals increasing overseas imports are undercutting the price of local produce. The convergence of stressors are pressuring farmers’ mental health: a Farm Safety Foundation poll found that 95% of UK farmers under the age of 40 cite mental health problems as one of their top challenges.
• Ranchers in the Western US often hold intergenerational knowledge on how to bounce back from harsh weather. However, climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of these events. During periods of extreme drought, ranchers experience economic insecurity from poor cattle prices and high feed costs, contributing to stress and anxiety. Anxiety persists even in non-drought years due to increasing drought occurrence. Common coping mechanisms like alcohol and prescription drugs may lead to battles with addiction, which worsen mental health.
• Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, floods, droughts, and storms are leading to crop and livestock loss for Ghanian farmers, which lower productivity and drive up food prices. The consequences are fears of food insecurity, feelings of helplessness, anxiety, and stress, and disruptions to labor exchange, which contributes to social cohesion. Disruptions to social cohesion can destabilize individual and community mental health.
• Dairy farmers in New Zealand are struggling with increased flooding and drought, but also new environmental regulations. Most dairy farmers are aware of the industry’s climate impacts, but without adequate policy and financial support, it is difficult to transition to more sustainable practices. Dairy farmers’ anxiety around future climate legislation, notably on reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, can outweigh anxieties about climate change itself, emphasizing the indirect impacts of climate change on farmers’ mental health.
• Rural communities in Kenya are largely made up of smallholder farmers with limited land and resources. Increasingly harsh seasonal patterns of crop loss contribute to grief, anxiety, depression, and chronic helplessness. Although mental health stigma is great and awareness is limited, organizations spreading awareness and providing mental health services are positively received as farmers find relief in finally making sense of their lived experiences.
• Climate change and economic insecurity is contributing to distress migration among Indian farmers, like those in the state of Jharkhand. Men often move to urban areas to search for work, while women and girls remain in place, fragmenting families and communities. These farmers often lack employable skills and are vulnerable to trafficking and exploitation, creating significant mental distress for the entire family.
• Association between farmer suicide and drought. Studies on farmers in India
  find that farmer suicide rates are higher in the most drought-prone states. In Australia, a study reported similar findings that as drought worsens, suicides among working-age rural men increase. As climate change increases the frequency, intensity, and geographic coverage of droughts, there is an even greater need for social and financial protections to protect farmers’ mental health.
  

1. Mental health access, knowledge, and services
   • Stigma and awareness: Destigmatizing mental health is important to close the gap between the growing availability of mental health services and social norms among farming communities that value stoicism and ‘toughness’.
   • Access to mental health services: Rural infrastructure, including transportation and comprehensive primary healthcare, is important for safeguarding farmers’ mental health. In the US, farmers often lack health insurance or have minimal coverage that excludes mental healthcare. This is compounded by other epidemics rural communities face, such as the ongoing opioid crisis impacting 74% of American farmers
   • Integrating technology in mental health interventions to increase accessibility and availability of services, such as telehealth counselling services.
   • Culturally appropriate care and services: Practitioners need to be aware of farming culture and understand climate anxiety, and how they intersect.
   • Social support: Community networks are important ways to strengthen social ties and protect against feelings of alienation and psychosocial impacts of climate change, especially among smallholder farmers.
2. Social welfare and protections for farmers.
   • Climate change is making farmers’ incomes less secure. Social welfare and economic protection policies, like insurance or a universal basic income, are effective ways to lighten economic stress. While emergency funds are useful, they are often insufficient and do not provide financial stability. Agriculture policies, like the Farm Bill in the US, should incorporate climate and social protections to sustain both the farming industry and farmers’ mental health.
3. Education and communication on climate change
   • Spreading awareness on human-caused climate change in culturally appropriate formats will help farmers develop a realistic perception of climate risk. Realistic risk perceptions help prepare farmers for adapting to the uncertainties that climate change brings.
   • Stimulating conversations between farmers and non-farmers is important for clearing up misconceptions about the intersecting topics of food and climate change that affect everyone.
4. Farming policies and practices
   • Policies and laws supporting the mental health of farmers and the transition to more sustainable farming practices needs transparency and communication
     between governments, policymakers, and farmers. How to implement different practices differs by farm size and access to resources, infrastructure and technology. The onus cannot be on small farmers to pay the price of transitions when agricultural systems make it difficult to break the mold without suffering personal financial losses. Good governance, including financing mechanisms, is essential.

• Farmers’ mental health is affected not only by climate impacts, but by responses to climate change: In countries across the European Union (EU), including the Netherlands, Germany, and France, farmers have been protesting against agricultural policies and discontent with the food system. Farmers have a range of concerns from low pay and low supermarket prices, high production costs, EU subsidies, and free trade agreements, which force farmers to compete with cheap imports from outside the EU, produced with lower environmental standards. The backlash is weakening new climate legislation.
• How farmers are affected by climate change matters to us all: We all depend on farmers for food, but urban populations are usually distant from farmers, particularly in the Global North (richer and more industrialized countries), which can create polarization. Non-farmers may be quick to judge farmers’ greenhouse gas emissions without distinguishing farm scale or recognizing the difficulty of transitioning to more climate-friendly farming practices. Many farmers want to mitigate the environmental impacts of farming, but they also need the financial and policy support to do so. Farming is a geopolitical issue that requires intersectional collaboration.

• Frameworks for understanding farmers’ mental health and risk perception, like the Dependent, interacting, cumulative and escalating (DICE) model and Climate Change Risk Perception Model (CCRPM), may be useful in assessing and treating farmers’ mental health.
• Unpacking unequal impacts on farmers; for example, understand how the ‘family farm’ model affects women and LGBTQ+ farmers’ climate mental health.
• Understanding the impact of climate change on farmworkers’ mental health. Farmworkers are disproportionately low-income, BIPOC, migrants, and experience discrimination, isolation, unstable housing, high barriers to healthcare access, and poor working conditions like pesticide drift and extreme heat, which are worsening due to climate change.
• Developing and implementing regulatory standards for extreme heat to protect outdoor workers, including farmers and farmworkers. For example, US state-level heat protection standards in California, and Washington should be codified at a federal level. Around the world, standards should be continuously monitored and improved.
• Collaboration at all levels. Governments should include farmers’ mental health in policies and allocate more resources for interventions. More collaboration between researchers, community leaders, and clinicians would help implement interventions.

• 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, available 24/7
• 0800-FARM-AID (327-6243) Farm Aid Hotline, available Monday-Friday 9am-5pm EST
• 2-1-1 hotline connecting callers to local resources, available 24/7
• 833-897-2474 AgriStress Helpline – crisis support for agricultural communities in Colorado, Connecticut, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virgina, Washington, Wyoming, available 24/7
• American Farm Bureau Federation’s Farm State of Mind website
• National Farmers Union Farm Crisis Center
• Farmer Resource Network
• Cultivemos Network – including farmer cohorts that connect farmers to each other
• Michigan State University Managing Farm Stress Programs (including teletherapy)
• Climate Stress and Grief: Building Resilience in Farmers and Rancher, Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center
• Cornell University’s Small Farms Program is one of a few groups connecting aging farm owners with nonrelatives who may be interested in farming
• Oregon State University’s Climate Stress and Grief: Building Resilience in Farmers and Ranchers project with resources and events
• The Migrant Clinicians Network provides bilingual heat-related illness resources for farmworkers and clinicians

• 988 Suicide Crisis Helpline, available 24/7
• AgTalk peer-to-peer support platform for individuals in the Canadian agriculture industry, available 24/7
• 2-1-1 hotline connecting callers to local resources, available 24/7
• Do More Agriculture Foundation website resources
• The Canadian Centre for Agricultural Wellbeing

• 116 123 Samaritans helpline, available 24/7
• 85258 SHOUT text helpline, available 24/7
• The Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution (RABI) resources for farmers
  • 0800 188 4444 helpline, available 24/7
  • Online click & chat
  • Counselling support, mental health training, financial support, information, advice, guidance
• 03000 111 999 The Farming Community Network (FCN) helpline, available 7am-11pm daily
• 0300 323 0400 YANA helpline for those involved in agriculture and rural businesses, available 10am-1pm Mon-Fri
• FarmWell Resources
• National Directory of Farm and Rural Support Groups

• 0508 TAUTOKO (0508 828 856) suicide crisis helpline, available 24/7
• 1737 Mental health and addictions helpline, available 24/7
• Farmstrong nationwide wellbeing program for the rural community with website resources
• 0800 787 354 Rural Support Trust helpline and website resources
• Link to other helpline numbers

• +254 722 178 177 Befrienders Kenya suicide prevention helpline, available 24/7
• AgriPsych Beam Ltd. provides individual and group therapy and community mental health activities for farmers
• Psychwell Essence Foundation focuses on improving mental health awareness and services for communities

• List of mental health, suicide, and stress helplines

• FARMRes project spreads mental health awareness, prevention, and support to farmers in personal and business capacities. Sponsored by the European Union with partner organizations in many countries, linked in website.

A helpline that is a lifeline for migrants, published in International Institute for Environment and Development on June 1, 2022, by Ritu Bharadwaj

Biting the Hand That Feeds Us: A Feminist Analysis of Food Rights and Food Politics in Kenya, published in Heinrich Böll Stiftung on December 16, 2019, by Brenda Wambui

Cash crop farming: How to develop production while avoiding impacts on biodiversity?, published in BIODEV2030

Climate anxiety, published in The Ecopsychepedia on October 6, 2022, by Panu Pihkala

Climate change — and efforts to fix it — harming farmers’ mental health, published in Canada’s National Observer on March 11, 2024, by Marc Fawcett-Atkinson

Climate Change Is Upending Farmers’ Livelihoods — and Exacerbating a Mental Health Crisis, published in Ambrook Research on July 2020, 2023, by Mélissa Godin

Enhancing Access to Community Mental Health Services for Women Smallholder Farmers Affected By Climate Change, published in Connecting Climate Minds

Europe’s Farmer Protests Are Part of a Bigger Problem, published in Foreign Policy on February 20, 2024, by Christina Lu

Europe’s restless farmers are forcing policymakers to act, published in Reuters on April 3, 2024, by Kate Abnett

Extreme heat and climate mental health, published in The Ecopsychepedia on September 25, 2022, by Robin Cooper

Farm Bill 101, published in Farm Aid blog on March 22, 2023, by Julie Kurt

Farmers in Crisis, Long Overlooked, Are Finally Getting Mental Health Support, published in Scientific American on February 15, 2024, by Anna Mattson

Farmers’ protests in Europe and the deadend of neoliberalism, published in Al Jazeera on February 25, 2024, by Morgan Ody and Vincent Delobel

Farm management and farm types, published in The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website

FARMRes Farmer Mental Health Case Study Stories, published in FARMRes

Farmworker Appreciation Day Factsheet – The Secretary’s Initiative on Protecting Farmworkers from Extreme Heat and Wildfire Smoke, published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services on August 6, 2024

Food crops, published in BIODIV2030

Forced to sell the family farm after 240 years, published in The Seattle Times on November 28, 2019, by Corey Kilgannon

How Climate Change Could Make Pesticides Even Deadlier, published in Mother Jones on August 8, 2024, by Siri Chilukuri

How Does Vertical Farming Help the Environment?, published in Vertical Farming Planet blog, by Mateusz Piechowiak

How rioting farmers unraveled Europe’s ambitious climate plan, published in Vox on May 2, 2024, by Jan Dutkiewicz

‘I feel more like a professional gambler’: British farmers reveal their twin struggles with climate change and mental health, published in The Conversation on June 11, 2024, by John Whitton

One of Kenya’s luckier farmers tells why so many farmers there are out of luck, published in NPR on October 6, 2022, by Michael Kaloki

Opioid Misuse in Rural America, published in the U.S. Department of Agriculture

OSHA proposes rule to protect workers exposed to extreme heat, published in The Washington Post on July 2, 2024, by Anna Phillips

Rural Response to Farmer Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, published in Rural Health Information Hub on 30 November, 2021

Sharp rise in cost of British lamb in UK due to rising demand and import issues, published in The Guardian on May 16, 2024, by Sarah Butler and Jack Simpson

Solastalgia, published in The Ecopsychepedia on September 22, 2022, by Rei Takver

Supporting Seasonal and Migrant Farmworkers: Mental Health and Substance Use Risk in the Face of Extreme Heat and Wildfires, published in The Dialogue in Volume 19, Issue 4, 2024, by Javier Rosado, Gregg Stanwood, Joe Grzywacz

The Latest Updates on the Farm Bill, published in Farm Aid blog on June 13, 2024

The Status of Women in Agrifood Systems, published in The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website

Two thirds of dairy farmers report mental health issues. They tell us why, published in Re: News on September 8, 2021, by Baz Macdonald

Why are British farmers pleading for a universal basic income?, published in Al Jazeera on April 10, 2024, by Alasdair Soussi

Why are Europe’s farmers struggling with mental health?, published in Deutsche Welle on 20 February, 2024, by Kathleen Schuster

Why farmers face unique threats from stress, published in Farm Aid blog on March 28, 2018

Women bear the brunt of Asia’s climate failures, published in Monash Lens on March 7, 2024, by Gabriela Fernando and Samanthi Gunawardana

Workplace Heat Protections Across the Globe, published in National Resources Defense Council blog on September 15, 2021, by Teniope Adewumi-Gunn

Farmer Mental Health in a Changing Climate: a video recording of a moderated discussion on farmer mental health in the context of climate change which highlights challenges faced by farmers and community resources. Moderated by American Farmland Trust and featuring representatives from the Climate Mental Health Network, Farm Aid, and the National Young Farmers Coalition.

Greener Pastures: a documentary by Samuel-Ali Mirpoorian and Ian Robertson Kibbe spotlighting “four Midwestern farm families persevering through climate change, industrialization, and mental health crises.”

How New Zealand built its dairy empire on billions of dollars of debt, Milk and Money: episode 1 of a documentary exploring New Zealand’s dairy farming industry and its impact on rural communities, including the intersection of climate change and mental health.

Preventing Farmer Suicide: Collaboration and Communication, a video of an expert discussion on how communities can support farmers and their families to address mental health concerns including suicide warning signs and prevention.

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Author: Joyce Hu

Editor: Colleen Rollins, PhD